"There will never be one single way of defining psychotherapy or
its alternative in a manner which is right for all therapists" A Mindell"
The last posting on my blog (October 2016) was about my curiosity
regarding an amazing man and his work. Alejandro Jodorowski. Now his books have
been translated from Spanish into English and you may get copies on
Amazon.com.au
Now, I want to follow up the reflections on Psychomagic and exploring
other methods of therapy work. One such method that is closely related to
working with ‘magic’ is Process Psychology developed by Arnold and Amy Mindell.
What is most interesting in their perspective of psychotherapy is:
1. They do not name their work as ‘psychotherapy’ but Process
Psychology.
2. They base their theoretical premises on the ancient Chinese healing
concept of TAO.(Explanation later).
3. They focus on the “dreaming process”. The root of this idea came
from the C.G. Jung Institute. (Arny
Mindell studied and lectured at the Institute in Zurich).
4. Acknowledging the reality of ‘chaos theory’ where we can find the
“hidden blueprint” or a pattern that reveals by way of several channels
(relationship, body symptoms, daydreams and night dreams.)
In her book “Alternatives to Therapy, Lao Tse Press, 2006, Amy Mindell
states: “To follow the dreaming process, we need both, a scientific and a
spiritual attitude. We need the acuity of a scientist who carefully uses
his/her awareness (here and now) to follow the patterns and signals happening
in the self and the other person, and we need the openness of a shaman who can
jump into and follow the dreaming (soul) process without necessarily knowing
where it’s heading (p. XIV).
Now some reflections about Taoism.
Taoism (/ˈdaʊɪzəm/), also known as Daoism, is a religious or
philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony
with the Tao (literally "Way"). The Tao is a fundamental idea in most
Chinese philosophical schools; in Taoism, however, it denotes the principle that
is the source, pattern and substance of everything that exists. Taoism differs
from Confucianism by not emphasizing rigid rituals and social order. Taoist
ethics vary depending on the particular school, but in general tend to
emphasize wu wei (effortless action), "naturalness", simplicity,
spontaneity, and the Three Treasures: (sperm/ovary energy, or the essence of
the physical body),
("matter-energy" or "life force", including the
thoughts and emotions), and (spirit or
generative power). We may call it Body, Mind & Soul or Spirit.
The roots of Taoism go back at least to the 4th century BCE. Early
Taoism drew its cosmological notions from the School of YinYang (Naturalists),
and was deeply influenced by one of the oldest texts of Chinese culture, the
Yijing, which expounds a philosophical system about how to keep human behaviour
in accordance with the alternating cycles of nature.
Naturalness - meaning “self-such" or "self organisation” is
regarded as a central value in Taoism. It describes the "primordial state"
of all things as well as a basic character of the Tao, and is usually
associated with spontaneity and creativity. To attain naturalness, one has to
identify with the Tao; this involves freeing oneself from selfishness and
desire, and appreciating simplicity. We may call it “being in the flow”.
When I write about the idea of ‘Alternatives to Therapy’, I am
attempting to inspire the reader, to become curious, to reflect on what they,
as therapists, are doing and why? I trained in Psychology, Social Work and
Gestalt Therapy. After many years of teaching and training therapy students, I
have discovered a few truths – they are:
1. The only thing one needs to be aware when practicing psychotherapy
is noticing what and how the client is suggesting to me the healing process.
The client has already the answer to this healing.
2. All Tao sages spoke about the “beginners mind” that means that we
need to let go of all theories, book knowledge, teachers, etc, and follow the
TAO. The less you know or theorise, the better. This will help you to be
totally open and notice what the client is suggesting about his or her healing
needs. All unconscious processes emerge in a symbolic form.
A. Jodorowsky is a genius in
using the symbolic methods to reach the unconscious. He begun to use the TAROT
cards and then a variety of shamanic methods and rituals to reach the client’s
centre of healing. From the emerging symbol he suggested a series of healing rituals for the client to perform that
work. Fritz Perls used the empty chair method to discover the client’s
projections and inner processes leading to closure and healing. Arnold Mindell
demonstrated his work with the dreaming body. This principle states that dreams
can be seen as maps that reveal the way in which the process (flow) progresses
and patterns emerge giving the therapist clues of healing now and in the
future. In summary:
1. Dreams can help us to know whether we are ‘on track’ with a client.
That is, a dream can confirm if the therapist is in line or not with the
client.
2. Dreams images can help us note the client’s process in a wider context than
we may have been aware of.
3. Dreams can often help us to see the person’s identity (Self) and
how this process is moving along the healing path.
4. Dreams can give us clues to the rhythm and pacing of the work
with client.
5. Dreams give us clues to new methods of working and develop healing
rituals.
6. Creating a dream is often a way of transposing (projecting) our
inner selves into symbolic images and place those symbols in a visual story.
So, there is obviously a lot more in this work. However, if you are
tired or seeking alternative ways of working with clients other than just
‘talking’, please read my previous blog about “Beware of the talking cure” and
“Psychomagic” and “Dream Work”. These are powerful alternative methods to add
to your list of interventions.
Finally, to reinforce this new Blog and generate further reflections,
I am including here an article by the late colleague Marta Preciado. We met in
Mexico at her Gestalt Institute and she showed me her paper on Dreams and
Nightmares. I offered to translate it from Spanish to English and it is an
honour to share it now. Your reflections and comments are appreciated.
DREAMS AS NIGHTMARES – A GESTALT
HYPOTHESIS
By Martha L.
Preciado – Translated from Spanish by Yaro Starak
Working with
dreams as a gestalt therapist gives me great personal insight as a human being
and it also enables me to be in touch with my own magical/symbolic part.
It is also a
wonderful opportunity to enable people to become more whole and more in touch
with their existential self. When this happens, the person discovers more
energy for living a fuller life, takes more risks or challenges in their daily
life and for many it fulfils an inner purpose or destiny that life presents
them.
As a gestalt
therapist, I have often reflected deeply on the issues that our dreams place
before us. Of particular interest to me are the dreams commonly called
“nightmares” In my own experience and in the experience of many other
psychotherapists the following are the basic questions that arise when we work
with nightmares:
•What do nightmares offer us?
•What special messages does the nightmare send
us?
•Can we learn and develop further by working
with our nightmares?
When I work
with clients that present their dreams as nightmares, I find that they have a
strong urgency to do something about their dream. They either want to get rid
of these nightmares quickly or want to find out why they are coming to bother
and frighten them.
Gestalt
therapists often work with recurrent dreams and nightmares. The fundamental
grounding literature about nightmares points out to the notion that nightmares
consistently produce strong feelings of anxiety, fear and horror. They are experiences
that often are related as some sort of horror movies.
However,
such simplistic answers are not enough and as a result I began to focus my
observations carefully on my clients’ nightmares in my own practice. My
observations led me to the following hypothesis that will be elaborated in this
article. First, let us review the question more specifically: “what are
nightmares”?
What Are Nightmares?
Nightmares
have at least two specific and distinguishing features:
(a) They are charged with a high level of
anxiety. This anxiety is experienced for some time, even after the nightmare is
interrupted and the person is fully awake and
(b) Nightmares bring about strong, frightening
images but often, when a person awakens, he or she will not have any sense of
fear or anxiety about them.
For example,
a client reported a dream/nightmare and stated that she dreamt of a cup with
red liquid and she was sure that this cup was full of human blood. After this
nightmare the client had a major anxiety attack and was afraid to go to sleep.
Another
client of mine presented the following image: She dreamt of a deformed,
mutilated female body without legs or arms and was covered with wounds smelling
quite putrid. However this client had no particular feelings about this dream
when she spoke about it.
Although in
the first case the dreamer had a strong reaction to her image, and while in the
second case there was no affect present, both dream experiences can be
classified as nightmares. In many cases nightmares are experienced following a
traumatic event. Such an event may be an upsetting horror film, experiencing a
shock, being in or watching an accident or having an unusual amount of stress
in life which precipitates fears and worries.
For example,
one client reported that after her divorce she had the following nightmare: “ I
am at a café, sitting and reading a book. Suddenly a man enters holding a big
knife in his hand. He begins to kill every customer in the café and I feel that
he is going to kill me any moment now. I feel totally frozen and unable to move
because of this horrible fear I have. I wake up in a sweat.”
Some Theoretical Reflections about
Nightmares
Gestalt
therapy has developed a special method of working with dreams that has a
specific therapeutic outcome. Dream work is a subtle way of entering into the
“magic” world of the client’s inner self. However, the therapist enters this
world carefully not interpreting the meaning. Also without leaving behind the
process of healing using the therapeutic method.
The basic
philosophy of gestalt dream work is to re-integrate the disowned (split) parts
of the inner self with the purpose of promoting a healing of the whole person.
We call this process ‘the holographic principle.’ We follow the assertion that
the dreamer creates all parts of the dream. No one else is creating the dream.
A dream is totally and fully our own production, our own drama and our own
direction.
If this
assertion is true, then all that constitutes a dream is our own projection
phenomenon. Fritz Perls was the first proponent of this assertion. He stated
that our own disowned parts of the self are expressing themselves in the dream
as if it were a play on stage. However this principle is not as simple as it
appears to be. Since we may identify with each of the parts in the dream, we
also develop an automatic resistance to these parts. We will invariably resist
the images in the dream that are not too attractive, pleasant or acceptable to
us. For example we may ask; who wants to identify with a dirty pig, a killer,
an evil or a horrible monster?
In the case
of nightmares, where images are extremely frightening and negative, we naturally
tend to refuse to confront such parts, let alone identify with them. We experience these horrific images as a
direct threat to our personal integrity and our own idea of sanity.
The second
theoretical reflection is about the gestalt notion of “unfinished business”.
This means that something is in the foreground of our awareness and the rest is
in the background and hidden from our awareness. When an experience in our life
is not complete (finished) the figure/background process tends to become rigid
and develops a protective ‘guardian’ that may appear as a ‘solution’ to what has
been an unfinished situation.
For example,
if I am a child, and I am lacking the maturity and perspective in solving
life’s problems, I am not able to handle the attacks upon me by my alcoholic or
abusive father or other such difficult and painful situations. As a result of
this trauma, I develop a protective pattern of splitting away from my body
whereby I will not feel any pain when I get maltreated.
As I grow up
this protective pattern is repeated again and again when I encounter what I
perceive as abusive situations with others. In spite of the fact that many of
these situations I can handle perfectly well as an adult, my early familiar
pattern gives me immediate although temporary relief. In time this pattern may
develop into what we call “a frozen gestalt” and become a compulsion, a
neurotic habit, an addiction or become entrenched in body symptoms. In other
words, I develop an avoidance pattern called retroflection.
Retroflection
is an internal body symptom that emerges when we do to ourselves what we want
to do to others. (I want to fight back and hit my father and instead I fight
with myself).
In
nightmares we often experience both phenomena at the same time – retroflection
and projection. For example, I am dreaming that I am being violently attacked,
dismembered and feel like a victim but also in this dream I am the aggressor
who attacks and inflicts the pain. Now, what follows is my hypothesis as a
result of my practice in working with nightmares.
Hypothesis
A scenario:
There were times in my life that I experienced a traumatic or difficult
situations in which I had a wish/desire/urge to retaliate or release my natural
aggressive impulses. However my impulses were stopped by stronger or more
powerful opponents. As a form of defense, I retroflected (turned against
myself) my aggressive impulses and developed symptoms that enabled me to deal
internally with the unfinished situations that required finishing outside
myself. This repressed/aggressive energy I turned against myself and as a
result I developed pseudo-solutions to my issues like self-hate, low self-esteem,
self-mutilation, addictions and so on.
And so,
while sleeping I begin to dream of being aggressive and project my aggressive
impulses onto images that become so strong that they bounce back at me as
nightmares. Thus the process of retroflection and projection goes in both
directions – into/against me and out of myself and against others while I am
asleep.
Working with Nightmares in Gestalt Therapy
Working with
nightmares using the gestalt approach we often experience new resolutions to
the problems presented by the dreams. Here is a brief description of the steps
we undertake in such work:
•A person narrates the nightmare in the present
tense (here & now).
•The therapist encourages the client to select
an image that may be at this moment most significant, strongest or in the
person’s foreground.
•The client is encouraged to become more aware
of the specific details of this image.
•Invariably the aggressive (energetic)
impulses will emerge and are explored in the here and now situation.
•The feeling of excitement/anxiety may be
amplified at this time in the context of the ‘safe emergency’ of this session.
•The therapist enables the client to ‘stay in
the present’ and encounter the dream image.
•There may be an opportunity for a dialogue
with this strong image, however, the mere facing the image may be enough.
•The therapist pays particular attention to
the emerging unfinished business in this encounter as it unfolds in the
session.
•There may be strong, aggressive language,
powerful feelings, memories of earlier experiences, emotional release and so on
manifesting itself as the blocked energy
is released behind the unfinished situation.
•Next the therapist pays close attention to
the retroflective patterns (eg. Self
fulfilling prophecies) that may appear as a “frozen” figure, a sense of loosing
power or loosing energy altogether. Here we may see the ‘impasse’ phenomenon.
•The therapist does not attempt to change
anything but simply supports this process as it is.(paradoxical theory of
change).
•When a strong figure emerges, from this
impasse, the therapist encourages the client to re-identify with this figure.
•In the supportive environment of the
therapeutic session, the client is encouraged to identify with and take the
position of the strong figure in the dream and make contact with it.
•Having identified with this figure the client
enters the dream once more and expresses him/herself fully as this dream
figure, eg: “I am the Devil!” “I am the
witch!” “I am the killer!” and so on.
•The nightmare scenario is recreated again
with the support of the therapist and work continues until the unfinished
situation become complete and no longer threatens the client with nightmares.
As a working
example, a client began to express images of a nightmare that appeared
intransigent (uncompromising) and began to get stuck in a ‘frozen’ figure. Suddenly a memory came up of a time when she
was a teenager and in a relationship with an older man. She reported that he
was often violent and abusive to her and this lasted several years. She felt
powerless and stuck, unable to leave him. She also felt guilty and remorseful
about the relationship.
In the
nightmare she is watching a cement truck covering the streets not with cement
but with a dead body that someone threw into the cement container of this
truck. The truck was ‘cementing’ the streets with what she described as a
“human mixture”.
The
therapist recreated the dream asking her client to be the driver of that cement
truck and put the man she felt abused by in her life in the container of this
truck. While she identified with the truck driver she began to imagine that she
is covering the streets with his material and his persona and began to shout:
“yes, yes, it is him and he is in my truck” While she drove the truck in this
recreated dream she began to say: “ here I am cementing al my insecurities that
are left from that time with him”, Now I am cementing all my fears of new
relationships”……..and so on.
The
therapist kept monitoring her feelings and supporting her strong ability to act
both physically and emotionally in the new dream scenario.
After this
enactment of the dream, the client stated that she felt rather strong,
satisfied and happy about the way her life went on. She became more integrated
in her relationship with others by not feeling so powerless in the presence of
men. When asked what the nightmare’s existential message was for her she
replied: “the dream said to me that it is time that you take charge of your
life, you are strong and capable now and you can heal yourself!”
Conclusion
Gestalt work
with nightmares is mainly intra-personal; it enables a client to combine the
left brain activity of the narrative and the right brain activity of the
created images. In this way the person can develop new tools for living a full
life.
By
integrating our interior life we will be able to integrate fully our
interpersonal world and increase our capacity to grow and relate with others
more fully and in a new way.
In gestalt
work with nightmares the outcome is often positive, the nightmares disappear and
life becomes a joy to live.
In the
meantime, the therapist must be in close contract with the client for some time
to ensure that the inner process is no longer psychologically disturbing and
that the client has fully finished what the inner world of dreams is presenting
to him or her.
I trust that
this short article and my hypothesis within, may be of some help to therapists
that attempt to enter the world of the nightmare and shed some light on some of
the least known, murky and shadowy aspects of psychotherapy.
References:
Ferud,
Sigmund; 1948. “Introduction to Psychoanalysis” part 3 in the “Dreams” section.
Perls,
Fritz; 1974. “Dreams and Existence” Edit. Vientos, Santiago de Chile Publisher.
Downing, Jack & Marmorstein, Robert; 1973, “Dreams & Nightmares” Harper and
Row publishers.
